SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.company_id = 1 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 345 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    421, 427, 408, 382, 418, 1930, 400, 424, 
    1931, 381, 1529, 401, 1465, 1932, 1933, 
    1935, 428, 415, 391, 406, 439, 390, 393, 
    394, 1929, 396, 397, 398, 399, 422, 434, 
    383, 412, 1927, 419, 430, 431, 432, 1928, 
    429, 384, 1934, 395, 420, 385, 405, 410, 
    413, 417, 1937, 414, 425, 407, 389, 402, 
    388, 426, 409, 404, 1936, 387, 386, 416, 
    441, 322
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.02562

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "230.94"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "42.05"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 115,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "2.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "27.56",
              "eval_cost": "0.46",
              "prefix_cost": "28.02",
              "data_read_per_join": "6K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "company_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`company_id` = 1) and ((`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or find_in_set(0,`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`) or find_in_set(1,`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) and (`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "eshopuga_upgr_4122.cscart_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 40,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 42,
            "filtered": "45.71",
            "index_condition": "(`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (421,427,408,382,418,1930,400,424,1931,381,1529,401,1465,1932,1933,1935,428,415,391,406,439,390,393,394,1929,396,397,398,399,422,434,383,412,1927,419,430,431,432,1928,429,384,1934,395,420,385,405,410,413,417,1937,414,425,407,389,402,388,426,409,404,1936,387,386,416,441,322))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "92.00",
              "eval_cost": "8.41",
              "prefix_cost": "138.42",
              "data_read_per_join": "672"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "eshopuga_upgr_4122.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 42,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "42.05",
              "eval_cost": "8.41",
              "prefix_cost": "188.89",
              "data_read_per_join": "672"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}