SELECT 
  category_id, 
  category 
FROM 
  cscart_category_descriptions 
WHERE 
  category_id IN (
    361, 337, 338, 339, 340, 349, 350, 352, 
    359, 360, 362, 363, 368, 369, 370, 379, 
    381
  ) 
  AND lang_code = 'de'

Query time 0.00052

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "40.81"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_category_descriptions",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "category_id",
        "lang_code"
      ],
      "key_length": "9",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 17,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 17,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "((`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_category_descriptions`.`category_id` in (361,337,338,339,340,349,350,352,359,360,362,363,368,369,370,379,381)) and (`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_category_descriptions`.`lang_code` = 'de'))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "37.41",
        "eval_cost": "3.40",
        "prefix_cost": "40.81",
        "data_read_per_join": "56K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "lang_code",
        "category"
      ]
    }
  }
}