SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    427, 408, 382, 400, 424, 381, 1529, 1465, 
    428, 391, 406, 390, 393, 394, 396, 397, 
    398, 399, 434, 383, 412, 432, 384, 395, 
    385, 405, 1937, 425, 407, 389, 402, 388, 
    409, 404, 387, 386, 441
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00089

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "90.21"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 38,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 7,
        "filtered": "19.98",
        "index_condition": "(`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (427,408,382,400,424,381,1529,1465,428,391,406,390,393,394,396,397,398,399,434,383,412,432,384,395,385,405,1937,425,407,389,402,388,409,404,387,386,441))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "88.69",
          "eval_cost": "1.52",
          "prefix_cost": "90.21",
          "data_read_per_join": "182"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}