SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    423, 411, 409, 412, 410, 424, 425, 452, 
    413, 414, 427, 428, 450, 451, 432, 446, 
    453, 454, 455
  )

Query time 0.00057

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "28.02"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "ALL",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 115,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 69,
      "filtered": "60.87",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "14.02",
        "eval_cost": "14.00",
        "prefix_cost": "28.02",
        "data_read_per_join": "187K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (423,411,409,412,410,424,425,452,413,414,427,428,450,451,432,446,453,454,455))"
    }
  }
}