SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.company_id = 1 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 402 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    1831, 1839, 1830, 1838, 1833, 1837, 1846, 
    1217, 951, 471, 469, 483, 473, 474, 481, 
    479, 1190, 1193, 943, 1156, 944, 803, 
    1904, 1165
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00339

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "122.81"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 26,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 26,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (1831,1839,1830,1838,1833,1837,1846,1217,951,471,469,483,473,474,481,479,1190,1193,943,1156,944,803,1904,1165))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "55.21",
              "eval_cost": "5.20",
              "prefix_cost": "60.41",
              "data_read_per_join": "416"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "eshopuga_upgr_4122.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 26,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "26.00",
              "eval_cost": "5.20",
              "prefix_cost": "91.61",
              "data_read_per_join": "416"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "eshopuga_upgr_4122.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "26.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.26",
              "prefix_cost": "122.81",
              "data_read_per_join": "3K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "company_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`company_id` = 1) and ((`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or find_in_set(0,`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`) or find_in_set(1,`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) and (`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}