SELECT 
  cscart_ult_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_ult_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_ult_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_ult_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_ult_product_prices.price * cscart_ult_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_ult_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_ult_product_prices.product_id IN (
    796, 801, 802, 617, 627, 630, 674, 844, 
    1091, 1092, 1588, 571
  ) 
  AND cscart_ult_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_ult_product_prices.company_id = 1 
  AND cscart_ult_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_ult_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00079

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "1.20"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_ult_product_prices",
        "access_type": "ref",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "company_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "company_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "company_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "4",
        "ref": [
          "const"
        ],
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 0,
        "filtered": "50.00",
        "index_condition": "(`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_ult_product_prices`.`company_id` <=> 1)",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "1.00",
          "eval_cost": "0.10",
          "prefix_cost": "1.20",
          "data_read_per_join": "16"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "company_id",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_ult_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_ult_product_prices`.`product_id` in (796,801,802,617,627,630,674,844,1091,1092,1588,571)) and (`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_ult_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}