SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    423, 411, 409, 412, 410, 424, 425, 452, 
    413, 414, 427, 428, 450, 451, 432, 446, 
    453, 454, 455
  )

Query time 0.00037

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "28.02"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "ALL",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 115,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 69,
      "filtered": "60.87",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "14.02",
        "eval_cost": "14.00",
        "prefix_cost": "28.02",
        "data_read_per_join": "187K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`eshopuga_upgr_4122`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (423,411,409,412,410,424,425,452,413,414,427,428,450,451,432,446,453,454,455))"
    }
  }
}

Result

category_id parent_id
411 409
412 409
413 409
414 409
423 410
424 410
425 410
427 410
428 410
432 409
446 409
450 410
451 452
453 452
454 452
455 452